Cabot Strait IMMA
Size in Square Kilometres
10 710 km2
Qualifying Species and Criteria
Minke Whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Criterion C (3)
Blue Whale – Balaenoptera musculus
Criterion A; Criterion C (3)
Fin Whale – Balaenoptera physalus
Criterion A; Criterion C (3)
North Atlantic Right whale – Eubalaena glacialis
Criterion A; Criterion C (3)
Hooded Seal – Cystophora cristata
Criterion A; Criterion C (3)
Grey Seal- Halichoerus grypus
Criterion C (3)
Humpback Whale – Megaptera novaeangliae
Criterion C (3)
Harp Seal – Pagophilus groenlandicus
Criterion C (3)
Marine Mammal Diversity
Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Balaenoptera musculus, Balaenoptera physalus, Cystophora cristata, Eubalaena glacialis, Halichoerus grypus, Megaptera novaeangliae, Pagophilus groenlandicus, Delphinus delphis, Globicephala melas, Lagenorhynchus acutus, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Orcinus orca, Phocena phocoena
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Summary
The Cabot Strait IMMA is a relatively narrow passage to the southern entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Approximately 65 km wide, water depths in the centre of this IMMA, exceed 500 m. This area hosts a high diversity of 14 marine mammal species. Eight 8 species – minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Endangered blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), Critically Endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), Vulnerable fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Vulnerable hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), use this corridor to move between important seasonal breeding or feeding habitat in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence and habitats located outside of this area.
Description of Qualifying Criteria
Criterion A: Species or Population Vulnerability
Four of the species or populations that use the IMMA as a main migratory corridor to access their foraging habitats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, are considered threatened according to the global IUCN Red List: North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis, CR); blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus, EN); hooded seals (VU; Cystophora cristata) and fin whales (VU; Balaenoptera physalus (Cooke 2018a, 2018b; 2020; Kovacs et al. 2016).
Additionally, the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA – the Canadian legislation for protection of at-risk species) lists the North Atlantic right whale and the Atlantic blue whale as Endangered (Beauchamp et al. 2009; DFO 2014), and the Atlantic fin whale as Special Concern (DFO 2017). The hooded seal is not listed under the SARA.
Criterion C: Key Life Cycle Activities
Sub-criterion C3: Migration Routes
Summer foraging habitats for blue whales in the Northwest Atlantic are mainly located in Canadian waters, with few identified so far outside the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Davis et al. 2020; Lesage et al. 2018; Moors-Murphy et al. 2019; Delarue et al. 2022). Satellite telemetry and passive acoustics indicate that blue whales enter and exit the Gulf of St. Lawrence almost exclusively via Cabot Strait (Lesage et al. 2017; Delarue et al. 2022; Simard et al. 2016; Moors-Murphy et al. 2019). The autumn exit occurs mainly between October and early January, whereas spring re-entry occurs as early as late-February / early March, with some whales possibly using the IMMA or remaining in nearby habitats year-round (Simard et al. 2016; Delarue et al. 2022). Sporadic reports of ice-entrapment of blue whales in the southern Gulf and off the southwest coast of Newfoundland from mid-February through April support use of the IMMA at that time of year (Sergeant 1982; Stenson et al. 2003). Between 1975 and 2015, 26 ice entrapments involving at least 48 individuals have been reported in or in the vicinity of Cabot Strait, including an event in mid-March of 2014 that caused the death of at least 9 blue whales (Figure 2). Considering the small size of the population (likely less than 250 mature; COSEWIC 2012), and that 20 to 115 unique individuals are photographed in the St. Lawrence each summer, the IMMA clearly represents a vital migratory route for blue whales.
A few thousand fin whales enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence to feed each summer (COSEWIC 2019). Satellite telemetry data and passive acoustic monitoring indicate that Cabot Strait is most likely the main exit route for this species in the fall, and probably their only entry route in the spring. Indeed, of the eight fin whales tracked on their fall migration out of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, all exited via the IMMA (Ramp et al. 2024). Two acoustic monitoring studies further indicate that the Belle Isle Strait, the only alternate exit or entry route to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is used to a much lesser extent than Cabot Strait by fin whales in the fall, and not at all in the spring (Roy et al. 2018; Delarue et al. 2022), emphasizing the importance of the IMMA for fin whales feeding in the Estuary or Gulf of St. Lawrence.
There is also evidence for minke whales and humpback whales using Cabot Strait as an exit and entry route to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Based on acoustic detection frequencies, humpback whales exit the Gulf through the MIMMA mainly from mid-December through February, and re-enter again in June (Delarue et al. 2022). Minke whales were detected sporadically in the IMMA between late July and mid-December (Delarue et al. 2022). However, the low research effort combined with the possibility that only male minke whales might be calling (Risch et al. 2014), limit our capacity to assess the timing of their seasonal migration through the IMMA.
Hooded seals from the Northwest Atlantic congregate off the north coast of Newfoundland, in Davis Strait, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to breed in March, before moving to northern latitudes where they feed and moult in July. When ice conditions are favourable, approximately 6% of the total pup production for this population may occur in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Stenson et al. 2006). Satellite telemetry studies confirm Cabot Strait as an important migratory exit route for animals breeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Bajzak et al. 2009; Vacquié-Garcia et al. 2024). The reduction in area-restricted search behaviour between mid-April and early-June suggests this is when animals are likely to exit the Gulf (Vacquié-Garcia et al. 2024). Data about period of entry is lacking given animals are tagged during the breeding period, but is likely to be in late fall or early winter. The proportion of the population likely using Cabot versus Belle Isle Strait for transit is unknown.
Approximately 30-40% of the North Atlantic right whale population use the Gulf of St. Lawrence between May and December to feed (Crowe et al. 2021; St-Pierre et al. 2024). The IMMA is one of two potential entry access to the Gulf. Acoustic detections over a broad network of recorders (Davis et al. 2020; Durette-Morin et al. 2022; Moors-Murphy et al. in review; Simard et al. 2024) spread from the wintering areas off eastern USA north to eastern Canadian waters suggest that the MIMMA might be the main entry and exit route for right whales using the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Despite limits on call detection range imposed by shipping transiting through Cabot Strait, data on North Atlantic right whale occurrence in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and their acoustic presence on passive acoustic monitoring systems in and around Cabot Strait, provide evidence for use of the MIMMA throughout the spring, summer, and autumn. Whether Cabot Strait is used for other purposes than migration is unknown.
Harp seals enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence sometime in the autumn (timing unclear) to feed prior to pupping on the drifting pack ice during March. They moult later in April and May, forming large concentrations on the sea ice off northeastern Newfoundland and in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, and then leave the Gulf via Cabot Strait or the Strait of Belle Isle to summer in the Arctic (Sergeant 1991; Grecian et al. 2022). Migration out of the Gulf has been tracked via satellite in juveniles, and commenced between mid-June and mid-July (Grecian et al. 2002). The precise dates for adults departure, and for the re-entry of any age class, are unknown. Traditionally, approximately 18% of the world’s total pup production (assuming western North Atlantic harp seals represent 80% of the Global population; Kovacs 2015), occurred in the Gulf. While the decrease in Gulf pack ice has led to a substantial decrease of pupping (Tinker et al. 2023), the Gulf is likely to continue to serve as an important foraging area for juveniles and a portion of the adults prior to and after pupping (ICES 2023; Tinker et al 2023).
The largest grey seal breeding colony in the world is found on Sable Island (Scotian Shelf to the west of Cabot Strait), but outside the breeding season, animals from Sable and the Scotian Shelf disperse into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with some Gulf animals summering on the Scotian Shelf. To reach their summering areas, grey seals must transit through Cabot Strait (Breed et al 2009; Harvey et al. 2012). The proportion of the World grey seal population occurring in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during summer is unknown. Total abundance globally was more than 600,000 individuals in 2016, with nearly 80% of these occurring in the Northwest Atlantic (Bowen 2016). The most recent assessment suggests that approximately 16% of the Northwest Atlantic grey seals (or 13% of the World’s total) breed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during winter and thus, use Cabot Strait to access this region at one point or another (Hammill et al. 2023).
An additional six species also most likely use the IMMA to access to their Gulf summer feeding areas. These species include harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutorostrata), white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), and killer whales (Kingsley and Reeves 1998; Lawson and Gosselin 2009; Lawson and Stevens 2014).
Criterion D: Special Attributes
Sub-criterion D2: Diversity
In addition to the 8 species of marine mammals that use the proposed IMMA on a regular basis for transiting, six others also use the IMMA to access their summer feeding areas. Large scale surveys indicate that several thousands of individuals from four other cetacean species are present in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during summer (Kingsley and Reeves 1998). These species include harbour porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena), long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). These four species are all also heavily present on the Scotian Shelf, just south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Lawson and Gosselin 2009), indicating that they must use the IMMA as their main access to the Gulf. Common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) were also regularly documented in the Cabot Strait during summer (Lawson and Gosselin 2009). Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have been observed in Cabot Strait and although data for this species is scarce, these observations support their use of the IMMA (Lawson and Stevens 2014).
Supporting Information
Bajzak, C., Côté, S.D., Hammill, M.O., Stenson, G.B. 2009. Intersexual differences in the postbreeding foraging behaviour of the Northwest Atlantic hooded seal. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 385: 285-294.
Beauchamp, J., Bouchard, H., de Margerie, P., Otis, N., and Savaria, J.-Y. 2009. Recovery strategy for the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), Northwest Atlantic population, in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa.
Bowen, D. 2016. Halichoerus grypus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T9660A45226042. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en
Breed, G.A., I.D. Jonsen, R.A. Myers, W.D. Bowen and M.L. Leonard.2009. Sex-specific, seasonal foraging tactics of adult grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) revealed by state-space analysis. Ecology 90:3209-3221.
Brickman, D., Z. Wang and B DeTracey. 2016. Variability of current streams in Atlantic Canadian waters: a model study. Atmosphere-Ocean 54:3, 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2015.1094026
Comtois, S., C. Savenkoff, M.-N. Bourassa, J.-C. Brêthes, and R. Sears. 2010. Regional distribution and abundance of blue and humpback whales in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2877: viii+38 pp. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/mpo-dfo/Fs97-6-2877-eng.pdf
Cooke, J.G. 2018a. Balaenoptera musculus (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T2477A156923585. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2477A156923585.en.
Cooke, J.G. 2018b. Balaenoptera physalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T2478A50349982. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2478A50349982.en.
Cooke, J.G. 2020. Eubalaena glacialis (errata version published in 2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T41712A178589687. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41712A178589687.en.
COSEWIC. 2012. COSEWIC status appraisal summary on the Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus, Atlantic population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii pp. (https://sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sas_rorqual_bleu_atl_blue_whale_0912_e.pdf).
COSEWIC. 2019. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus, Atlantic population and Pacific population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xv + 72 pp. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/fin-whale-atlantic-pacific-2019.html
COSEWIC. 2022. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena, Northwest Atlantic population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 46 pp. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-assessments-status-reports/harbour-porpoise-2022.html
Crowe, L.M., Brown, M.W., Corkeron, P.J., Hamilton, P. K., Ramp, C., Ratelle, S., Vanderlaan, A.S.M., Cole T.V.N. 2021. In plane sight: a mark–recapture analysis of North Atlantic right whales in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 46: 227-251. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01156
Davis, G.E., Baumgartner, M.F., Bonnell, J.M., Bell, J., Berchok, C., Bort Thornton, J., Brault, S., Buchanan, G., Charif, R.A., Cholewiak, D., Clark, C.W., 2017. Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014. Sci. Rep. 7: 13460. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13359-3
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DFO. 2014. Recovery Strategy for the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in Atlantic Canadian Waters [Final]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa. vii + 68 pp. Available online at: https://wildlife-species.az.ec.gc.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files//plans/rs_bnan_narw_am_0414_e.pdf
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DFO. 2020. Updated information on the distribution of North Atlantic Right Whale in Canadian waters. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2020/037.
Durette-Morin D, Evers C, Johnson HD, Kowarski K, Delarue J, Moors-Murphy H, Maxner E, Lawson JW and Davies KTA. 2022. The distribution of North Atlantic right whales in Canadian waters from 2015-2017 revealed by passive acoustic monitoring. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:976044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.976044
Grecian, J.W., G.B. Stenson, M. Biuw, L. Boehme, L.P. Folkow, P.J. Goulet, et al. 2022. Environmental drivers of population variation in the migratory and diving ontogeny of an Arctic top predator. R. Soc. Open Sci. 9: 211042. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211042
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Harvey, V., Hammill, M.O., Swain, D.P., Breed, G.A., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K.M. 2012. Winter foraging by a top predator, the grey seal Halichoerus grypus, in relation to the distribution of prey. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 462: 273–286. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09844
ICES. 2023. Report of the Joint ICES/NAFO/NAMMCO Working Group on Harp and Hooded Seals (WGHARP). ICES Scientific Reports. 5:96. 75 pp. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.24306100
Kingsley, M.C.S. and Reeves, R.R. 1998. Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996. Can. J. Zool. 76: 1529-1550.
Kovacs, K.M. 2015. Pagophilus groenlandicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41671A45231087. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41671/45231087
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Lawson. J.W., and Gosselin, J.-F. 2009. Distribution and preliminary abundance estimates for cetaceans seen during Canada’s marine megafauna survey – A component of the2007 TNASS. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2009/031. vi + 28 p. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/338449.pdf
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Ramp, C., Delarue, J., Bérubé, M., Hammond, P.S., Sears, R. 2014 Fin whale survival and abundance in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Endang. Species Res. 23: 125- 132. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00571
Ramp, C., Lesage, V., Ollier, A., Auger-Méthée, M., Sears, R. 2024. Migratory movements of fin whales from the Gulf of St. Lawrence challenge our understanding of the Northwest Atlantic stock structure. Sci. Rep. 14:11472. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62173-1
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Simard, Y., Roy N., Aulanier, F., and Giard, S. 2016. Blue whale continuous frequentations of St. Lawrence habitats from multi-year PAM series. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2016/091. v + 14 p. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/mpo-dfo/Fs70-5-2016-091-eng.pdf
Simard, Y., Giard, S., Roy, N., Royer, P., Chartrand-Lemieux, M.-E., and Perreault, E. 2024. Time-Space Distribution of North Atlantic Right Whale in Gulf of St-Lawrence from Acoustic Monitoring between 2010 and 2022. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2024/046. vi + 26 p.
Stenson, G.B., Lien, J., Lawson, J., and Seton, R. 2003. Ice entrapments of blue whales in southwest Newfoundland: 1968-1992. pp. 15–17. In Proceedings of the workshop on the development of research priorities for the northwest Atlantic blue whale population, 20-21 November 2002, Quebec City. DFO Can. Sci. Adv. Secr. Proceed. Ser. 2003/031.
Stenson, G.B., Hammill, M.O. 2006. 2005 Pup Production of Hooded Seals, Cystophora cristata, in the Northwest Atlantic. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2006/067. iii + 50p
St-Pierre, A.P., Lesage, V., Mosnier, A., Tinker, M.T., Gosselin, J.-F. 2023 (in press). Summer abundance estimates for St. Lawrence Estuary beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from 52 visual line transect surveys and 11 photographic surveys conducted from 1990 to 2022. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2023/048. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library-bibliotheque/41234583.pdf
Tinker, M.T., G.B. Stenson, A. Mosnier and M.O. Hammill, 2023. Estimating abundance of Northwest Atlantic harp seal using a Bayesian modelling approach. DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2023/068. iv + 56 p.
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