Campanian and Pontino Archipelagos IMMA
Area Size
4 948 km2
Qualifying Species and Criteria
Sperm whale – Physeter macrocephalus
Criterion A; C (1, 2)
Marine Mammal Diversity
Balaenoptera physalus, Grampus griseus, Physeter macrocephalus, Stenella coeruleoalba
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Summary
The Campanian and Pontino Archipelagos is an important habitat for Endangered Mediterranean sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Groups of solitary males, loose male aggregations, bachelor groups, and social units of females with immature whales have been observed to coexist in the area. Approximately 60% of the identified individuals have been observed to return to the archipelago, being re-sighted sometimes a year apart, showing site fidelity. This area has also been identified as a feeding site, the complex topography of canyon systems being a driving factor shaping the species’ presence and distribution.
Description of Qualifying Criteria
Criterion A – Species or Population Vulnerability
The IUCN Red List classifies the Mediterranean subpopulation of sperm whale as Endangered and infers that their numbers are declining from significant anthropogenic threats. These whales are likely to be genetically isolated from the Atlantic population. The species is subject to several threats including bycatches in fishing gear, ship strikes, disturbance, noise and chemical contaminants with several potential negative effects at the population level.
Criterion C: Key Life Cycle Activities
Sub-criterion C1: Reproductive Areas
Data collected on sperm whale breeding and calving has observed 8 social units out of 142 encounters recorded in the area. Despite the low number of social units seen during the 2000-2016 period, their presence in the area was concentrated in autumn (October, November, and December), in which newborns were observed.
Sub-criterion C2: Feeding Areas
Data collected on feeding behaviour show a total of from a total of 251 hours of audio recordings sperm whales in the area spent the majority of the recording time (both entire and partial dive cycles) in searching activities (72.51%). This behaviour included the usage of Usual Clicks (UC) with some pauses between sequences. Whales’ searching activity in the area occurred over a wide range of depths and at any stage of the dive. Feeding activities (assessed measuring creaks, CR) comprised 5.75% of the time, as well as a mix of searching-feeding activities (5.23%, combined acoustic behaviour). The mean number of CR per dive was lower than the values found in other studies, and about 30% of the dives were not associated with any creaks. Searching and feeding hotspot maps obtained with the acoustic tracking indicate higher activity at depths deeper than 500 m, near the main canyon heads.
Supporting Information
Azzali. M., Impetuoso, A., Mussi, B., Miragliuolo, A., Battaglia, M., Antollovich, W. 2003. Analysis of acoustic signals emitted from a nursery school of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) recorded off Ventotene Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). European Research on Cetaceans 17: 22-25.
Mussi, B., Miragliuolo, A., Monzini, E., Diaz Lopez, B., Battaglia, M. 1999. Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) feeding ground in the coastal water of Ischia (Archipelago Campano). European Research on Cetaceans 13: 330-335.
Mussi. B., Miragliuolo, A. 2003. I cetacei della costa nord occidentale dell’isola d’Ischia (canyon di Cuma). In: Ambiente marino e costiero e territorio delle isole Flegree (Ischia, Procida e Vivara – Golfo di Napoli). Risultati di uno studio multidisciplinare (Gambi MC, De Lauro M, Jannuzzi F, eds). Liguori Editore, Napoli, Italy: pp 213-232.
Mussi. B., Miragliuolo, A., Zucchini, A., Pace, D.S. 2014. Occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) in the submarine canyon of Cuma (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24(S1): 59-70.
Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Frantzis, A., Bearzi, G., Reeves, R. 2012. Physeter macrocephalus (Mediterranean subpopulation). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T16370739A16370477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T16370739A16370477.en
Pace, D.S. 2016. On the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) ecology, sociality and behavior off Ischia Island (Italy): patterns of sound production and acoustically measured growth. PhD dissertation. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
Pace, D.S., Miragliuolo, A., Mussi, B. 2012. The case study of the marine Canyon of Cuma (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): implication for cetacean conservation off Ischia Island. In Mediterranean submarine canyon. Ecology and governance. Würtz M (ed). IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. Pp 89-97.
Pace, D.S., Miragliuolo, A., Mariani, M., Vivaldi, C., Mussi, B. 2014a. Sociality of sperm whale off Ischia Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24(S1): 71-82.
Pace, D.S., Mussi, B., Gordon, J., Wurtz, M. 2014b. Foreward. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24(S1): 1-3.
Pace, D.S., Mussi, B., Vella, A., Vella, J., Frey, S., Bearzi, G., Benamer, I., Benmessaoud, R., Gannier, A., Genov, T., Gimenez, .J, Gonzalvo, J., Kerem, D., Larbi Doukara, K., Milani, C., Murphy, S., Natoli, A., Pierce, G.J. 2016. Report of the 1st International Workshop Conservation and Research Networking on Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Common Dolphin Working Group. Ischia, Italy, 13-15 April 2016. 44 pp (http://www.oceanomaredelphis.org/images/publications/085_Dd%20Workshop_Report.pdf)
Pace, D.S., Mussi, B., Airoldi, S., Alessi, J., Arcangeli, A., Atzori, F., Azzolin, M., Campana, I., Celona, A., Fiori, C., Giacoma, C., Gnone, G., Luperini, C., Mangano, R., Miragliuolo, A., Moulins, A., Nuti, S., Pellegrino, G., Rosso, M., Salvioli, F., Tepsich, P., Tringali, M. 2015. New insights on the presence and distribution of the endangered short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in Italian waters. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 22(1): 262-263.
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